Analyses And Evaluation Of Various Codes Of Ethics In Business

Question: Examine about the Analyses And Evaluation Of Various Codes Of Ethics In Business Environment. Answer: Presentation The report here examines about the business morals in worldwide condition. The report here characterizes morals as the profound quality premise on which moral decisions, norms and rules of direct tended to as well as recognized for a business. The report likewise talks about the foundation with an elaboration on the need of the execution of business morals. At that point is report additionally clarifies why at all morals was required in business. There is likewise examinations and assessment different codes of morals in business condition and the connection business holds with the partners. There are additionally an individual reflections and suggestions for business practice in the report. Foundation The development of business morals has been an aftereffect of bunch changes happening in business over the long run. The basic method of deciding the genuine significance of an upstanding resident, a functioning member, a better than average individual and an amazing apparatus for some with great authority aptitudes is through Ethics (Ferrell Fraedrich, 2015). Accordingly, morals characterized as the ethical quality premise on which gauges, moral decisions and rules of direct tended to as well as recognized. In such manner, business morals characterized as goals, measures and qualities answerable for managing conduct in a business atmosphere. Accordingly, in this unique circumstance, most associations characterize rules that are explicit for sketching out the unavoidable limits of conduct that are outright and sweeping. Accordingly, in business, standards stay dependent on rules that gets social acknowledgment and dependent on responsibility, trust and respect. The issues looked by laborers during the 1920s aided in drawing consideration towards the brutal working conditions as well as to the kid work laws (Mnookin Weisberg, 2014). This was a period when free enterprise was an idea that assumed an essential job in the evolvement of the business morals. During this time, a dynamic development guaranteed residents with the idea of living compensation. The fundamental point of the development was to convince business for embracing strategies that guaranteed portion of adequate pay for the laborers for satisfy their requirement for training, amusement, wellbeing and retirement. On the other hand, the political and social developments of the 1960s are likewise answerable for acquiring significant changes in the field of business morals (Crane Matten, 2016). Things went in a new direction during the 1980s when episodes like unlawful agreement rehearses, persuasive selling, pay off, money related extortion and tricky publicizing were answerable for forming the business morals during this time. Clarification The beginning of the 21st century prompted the development of new issues that thus helped in the advancement of the business morals that took care of item wellbeing, unfortunate behavior monetarily on a worldwide stage, cybercrime, security from scholarly burglary of property and issues including supportability of items and associations (Gunasekaran Spalanzani, 2012). Therefore, today the moral issues looked by pioneers in a business culture principally centers around Insurance of the earth Stay away from emergencies like the worldwide mammoth Enron Debasement against money related establishments Presenting items that puts general wellbeing in danger Staying away from separation Guaranteeing that inappropriate behavior is avoided work place Insurance of licensed innovation In this unique situation, one can say that morals and laws are in charge of two distinct spaces. Hence, a law made for insurance of open life while morals intended to administer matters completely private. In this way, as it were, laws plainly mirror a lot of rules authorized which everybody follows while morals alludes to individual view that is a reflection on how individual settles on a decision for route of their life (Becker, 2012). There was a period whenbusiness morals the executives concentrated basically on themanagement of conduct of the representatives however now there is an expansion in consideration for the turn of events and usage of apparatuses and procedures that are related with themanagement of social duty from a more extensive point of view (Myers, 2013). These remotely engaged segments have included thinking about the requests of different partners. The center zones where themanagement of business morals may present applicable include: Setting the norms of moral conduct Dealing with the relations of Stakeholders Moral Performance evaluation Investigation and Evaluation Codes of morals are intentional proclamations that submit enterprises and associations as well as experts to explicit activities, qualities and convictions that are the purpose for suitable moral conduct in representatives (Fu, 2014). There are notwithstanding, four kinds of code of morals for the corporate. These incorporate proficient code of morals, corporate or authoritative code of morals, industry code of morals, and program or gathering code of morals. The job that authoritative or corporate code of morals holds incorporates (Bishop, 2013): These codes of morals is explicit to a solitary association The code of morals in some cases called set of principles or code of standards Guarantees distinguishing proof and support of moral conduct The jobs that Professional Code of Ethics plays incorporate (Matthews, 2012): Guarantees proficient gatherings with their own rules for suitable social direct This is applies for individuals in experts of medication, law and responsibility The job that Industry Code of Ethics plays incorporates (Ford Richardson, 2013): This code of morals likewise applies to explicit callings and specific ventures There are numerous nations where the budgetary help industry will have its own set of principles for the organizations working inside the business. The job that Program or gathering code of morals plays incorporates (Beeri et al., 2013): There are sure projects or sub gathering of associations who build up code of morals for those participating in their particular projects. For example, this incorporates joint effort with business pioneers from Japan, USA and Europe that contributed in the advancement of code of morals all inclusive. With the ascent of the worldwide business, numerous associations have discovered that code of morals built up in the nation of origin may should be remolded for the universal activities. Along these lines to make the rules for residential representatives significant and increasingly pertinent in the abroad setting three standards ought to be executed (Morel, 2015). There ought to be regard for human basic beliefs There ought to be regard for nearby customs The faith in setting on choosing what is correct or wrong. In any case, three key relationship characteristics decide the apparent significance that partners have. These are as per the following: Force: This alludes to the apparent limit of a partner in affecting the activity of the association. Criticalness: The level to which partner claims considered for sure fire activity Authenticity: Wherever the partners activities thought about attractive and fitting by the association This has been general pattern that the relationship that business and their partners is fierce in nature (Burchell Cook, 2013). In any case, partners connections can take an alternate assortment of structures that include: Challenge: This alludes to restriction or common clash Single direction support: This relationship dependent on sponsorship Fighting accomplices: This alludes to intermittent clash, sound clash Support: This relationship type alludes to paid and unpaid open endorsement, for example, naming Procedure exchange: This alludes connection between accomplices through conversation over long haul issues Task exchange: This alludes to conversation between accomplices for purposes that are explicit Joint endeavor or union: This alludes to formal organization that includes common duty of assets. Team: This alludes to co-activity for accomplishing a predefined task There have anyway been issues with coordinated effort of partners. These incorporate asset power that isn't just costly yet additionally tedious when contrasted with the current type of business dynamic (Angelstam et al., 2013). There is likewise culture conflict that characterizes the various qualities and objectives. Wildness is additionally one of the key issues that harvests up from partner joint effort. Coordinated effort with the partners additionally prompts cooptation that infers that do the partners team up for genuine duty or they do as such for satisfying their own narrow minded thought processes, the appropriate response isn't exactly clear. With the joint effort of the partners, there lies the issue of responsibility as far as obligation, risk and implementation. In this way, there must be various methodologies that a business must receive to turn out to be more execution situated. They incorporate evaluating the moral, social, ecological execution to make the business p rogressively manageable. Individual Reflections and Implications for Business Practice As indicated by my perspective, the current business world faces a consistent test of keeping up an atmosphere that is moral while keeping up gainfulness and serious. In this manner, I accept that keeping up moral conduct anyway reflects ways that remaining parts steady with business perspectives of virtues and standards. Notwithstanding, I can say that functioning as moral business accompanies its own advantages (Trevino Nelson, 2016). This incorporates the capacity of the business to keep and pull in speculators as well as keep its clients and workers. In such cases, financial specialists are likewise settled of brain realizing that the organization they have put resources into vows to work in a mindful way accordingly giving them a confirmation that their cash won't go in squander. Besides, I have seen that representatives working for an organization with solid business morals are increasingly sure that they don't need to work under conditions

Review of Human Nature in Voltaire and Swift Essay

Parody is characterized as individual habits and indecencies found in person through derision and incongruity. The reason for parody isn't to humor however to bring improvement through obnoxious ambush by utilizing mind. One of the regular highlights of parody is incongruity and mockery which has been utilized by creators for quite a long time including Swift and Voltaire to show the inadequacy of human instinct. Quick was conceived and instructed in Ireland and went through his initial time on earth in England. His profession began with the â€Å"A Tale of Tub† and â€Å"The Battle of Books†; where he parodied the human shortcoming in different manners. In â€Å"A Tale of Tub†, he derides his comrades uncovering the shallowness of logicians and essayists of his time. He additionally shows how the rationalists and scholars are utilized by administering tip top to accomplish their plan which was selling out from truth and respect. Anyway it was â€Å"Gulliver Travel†, where Swift has transparently taunted the human instinct. He especially watches human instinct in an extremely upsetting manner for which numerous pundits called him cynic. The book depicts Lilliput (Britain) ailing in popular government; where most noteworthy position is given to the person who can hop high (rather than legitimacy and genuineness). He likewise appears, how court positions were filled by close to home kindness instead of offering to the most commendable applicant. He uncovers the social claim and shortcoming of human foundation in his occasions. For instance he discusses the fall of pastor in Lilliput since he was unable to satisfy the King; is really replication of his life. He additionally become undesirable since he could likewise not please the King. In the Gulliver’s Travel, he likewise condemns the Laputa educated people, which is aberrant analysis of Royal Society of England that Swift thought about simply a club for conceptual thoughts. Quick considers such sort of essayists and researchers as parasite on society who sit around and cash of the general public without giving any additional advantage. Quick partitioned human instinct into two sections; the explanation and consideration and the egotistical craving which he has left for yippee. He investigated the human instinct and shows that its human vanity that forestalls him to distinguish blemish and improvement. Quick needs its crowd to be stunned by his disclosure of human instinct, yet the intention is improvement by uncovering indiscretions. Voltaire then again was outrageous in his perspectives about human instinct; as his reality see was increasingly distrustful. Being a skeptic profoundly, he was against the strict fundamentalism; anyway he upheld the social and strict resistance. His actual depiction of human instinct is portrayed in Candide that subtleties different characters including liars, swindlers, executioners, and posers. Anyway his view isn't a shock like Swift, yet rough truth told with habits. He clarifies that the human social orders are included manikin like characters that are inconceivable and unrealistic submitting habits. Voltaire catches this childishness in human instinct through farce indicating individual blemish. His perspectives are like Swift; anyway his way isn't as muck as Swift. Hence we can reason that point of both Swift and Voltaire was to take a gander at man as a defective being; which submits imprudences ; anyway these indiscretions can be improved, if man is happy to look past his vanity. Reference †¢ Morris Weitz, Philosophy in Literature: Shakespeare, Voltaire, Tolstoy and Proust. ayne State University Press, 1963. †¢ Kathleen Williams, Jonathan Swift and the Age of Compromise. College Press of Kansas, 1968.

Byrnes, James Francis

Byrnes, James Francis Byrnes, James Francis, 1879â€"1972, American public official, Secretary of State (1945â€"47), governor of South Carolina (1951â€"55), b. Charleston, S.C. He studied law while working (1900â€"1908) as a court reporter, owned and edited a newspaper in Aiken, S.?C., and represented (1911â€"25) South Carolina in the House. As Senator (1931â€"41), Byrnes, a Southern Democrat, became budgetary expert for the New Deal. He served as an associate justice of the Supreme Court (1941â€"42), but resigned and became director of economic stabilization (1942) and later (1943) director of war mobilization. As Secretary of State he tried to mend postwar differences with the USSR. He later became extremely anti-Soviet. An opponent of racial integration, he was elected governor of South Carolina, and opposed further federal centralization. See his Speaking Frankly (1947) and All in One Lifetime (1958); K. A. Clements, James F. Byrnes and the Origins of the Cold War (1982). The Columbia Elec tronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Leadership Goals And Objectives Of Leadership Essay

Conflicts and crises within a society or in an organization setting are the roots of leadership because, it is under these circumstances that the warring parties engage in activities that are aimed at outwitting their opponents by convincing groups of people into action. It is also during these circumstances that the decisions of one individual with leadership qualities are pivotal to the entire population of his/her followers. A leader needs to have good qualities of leadership in order to guide his followers. With regards to this, there are four elements that are associated with leadership (Peterson, Walumbwa, Byron, Myrowitz, 2009). Firstly, leadership is all about having an influence on other individuals. Secondly, for leadership to be said to exist, there must be a group of followers. Thirdly, leaders are individuals who come to the forefront during times of crisis in order to provide a solution to their followers, and fourthly, leaders are individuals who have clear goals and o bjectives to achieve. Following the above criteria, leaders should be individuals who have the capacity to think creatively and engage into actions in different circumstances with the aim of influencing the feelings, actions and beliefs of their followers. The focus of leadership is to create and concentrate on achieving a common vision, and this involves the task of motivating people (followers) to make contributions in the effort towards achieving this vision (Hackman Ruth, 2007). ThusShow MoreRelatedLeadership Goals And Objectives Of Leadership1349 Words   |  6 PagesLeadership is splendidly complex, a cognitive process involving a perception based, relationship-oriented phenomenon found among leaders and followers. The most effective leaders understand the importance for embracing change and continuously galvanizing essential leadership skills and capabilities. While business environments are continuously changing, underestimating the importance for effective leadership ha s previously proven futile for many organizations. The need for organizational leadersRead MoreLeadership Goals And Objectives Of Leadership Development844 Words   |  4 Pagesin developing new and current leaders who have the appropriate knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to assume positions of leadership. It is critical for organizations to create a continuous line of future, and current leaders that know how to effectively lead and carry out the missions of their businesses to achieve their goals and objectives. With respect to leadership development, our organization uses theories, models, and approaches that are used to shape the destiny of future leaders as wellRead MoreLeadership Goals And Objectives Of Leadership Development847 Words   |  4 Pageslagging in developing new and current leaders who have the appropriate knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to assume positions of leadership. It is critical for organizations to create a continuous line of the future, and current leaders that know how to lead effectively and carry out the missions of their businesses to achieve their goals and objectives. On leadership development, our organization uses theories, models, and approaches that are used to shape the destiny of the future leaders as wellRead MoreLeadership Goals And Objectives Of A Leader Essay1354 Words   |  6 Pagesunrelenting pursuit of your goal  a commitment to excellence  that will enable you to attain the success you seek†. -Mario Andretti Leadership is the process of motivating others to work to meet specific goals and objectives. A leader motivates others to action. Thus, it is the motivation of others and their actions that defines a successful leader. In other words, leadership is the art and science of getting others to perform and achieve a vision. Therefore, leadership is not only reflected in performanceRead MoreGoals And Objectives Of Self Leadership920 Words   |  4 PagesGoals/Objectives Self-Leadership: Integrity I will obtain this characteristic and be able to overcome any issue that comes to me and stick to the values, to do and say what is right. I will establish my integrity by having my words meet my actions. I will form and create values and have no fear. I will be credible to my followers so they will have the confidence in myself as their leader (Maxwell, 1993). I will create a trust; that confidence will be formed by being a leader with high standardsRead MoreLeadership Goals And Objectives Of The Global Automotive Industry994 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership is an essential element in every human group because it is a fundamental component without which would be hard to adequately orient efforts towards a common goal. According to Schneider and Schrà ¶der (2012, p. 269) â€Å"leadership is the set of capabilities that a person has to influence a group of people, making this team to work with enthusiasm in the achievement of goals and objectives†. Applying this concept to t he business administration area, leadership is related to the managerial orRead MoreLeadership Definition830 Words   |  4 Pagesdefine leadership? (250 words maximum) There are several ways to define leadership. A process that influences other people to achieve an objective and guides the company or community in a way to make it more coherent and cohesive is called leadership. We can also define leadership as a process of leading people in the right direction in order to achieve goals. Leaders apply leadership attributes such as values, knowledge and skills to implement this process in any organization. Leadership ensuresRead MoreLeadership Models And Organizational Culture852 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership Models Organizational Culture Cornelius Cash Grand Canyon University LDR804-Leading across Cultures September 7, 2016 Ethical Leadership Models Leaders that demonstrate a commitment to behaving in an ethical manner are viewed as trustworthy and subordinates gravitate toward them. Ethical leaders have a solid foundational belief in honesty and trustworthiness and disseminate these principles throughout the organization. This paper will present ethical leadership models asRead MoreEssay on Effective Team Leadership1535 Words   |  7 PagesEffective Team Leadership The area of team leadership attracts a lot of attention in the modern world because of the need to assemble and deploy diverse teams for the completion of projects. The future of many corporations relies more and more on the kind of team leadership they have for their projects. This paper explores a number of facets that constitute effective team leadership. There are certain essential elements that constitute the definition of leadership. It may refer to the totalityRead MoreLeadership Theories And Leadership Style920 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership theories and Leadership Style In workplace condition, there are numerous dynamics which may affects a manager’s leadership style. The most significant features which will affect the choice of leadership styles or leadership behavior in a workplace condition need to identify. The most important factor which affects the manager’s leadership style is ‘Task’. The task is the real purpose of the team as well as the goals of the team. A manager’s upmost duty is to be certain that all team members

11th Grade Essay - 896 Words

Essay Prompt 3 During the founding of the new nation, the United States, there were a number of influential people who made important decisions based on their various opinions. These people, the founding fathers of the United States, would set examples, ideals, and rules for many leaders to come. Our first president George Washington, our 3rd president Thomas Jefferson, and our first Supreme Court justice John Marshall were all very important and influential individuals. Together, their opinions and ideals helped shape the growth of our nation from domestic policy to the basis of the government’s operation. George Washington was the first president of the United States of America as well as one of its founding fathers.†¦show more content†¦One of the most important contributions he made for the Supreme Court was the concept of judicial review. After the case of Marbury vs. Madison, the Supreme Court was given the power to review laws, and court cases in order to determine whether a law or case was constitutional. John Marshall also extended the power of the Supreme Court to cover all matters not explicitly mentioned to be governed in the state. In short, he created most of the power that is invested in the Supreme Court today. The most influential of these three men was John Marshall. He was the most influential person because he created a strong judicial branch, something that is essential to the system of checks and balances. Without the power that currently resides in the Judiciary branch of the United States, the government would be an unbalanced system that would be able to create laws between the executive branch and legislative branch without any chance of rulings on constitutionality from the court. For example, in the case of Dred Scott vs. Sanford (a famous case regarding slaves’ Constitutional rights), the Supreme Court struck down several federal laws, including the Missouri Compromise, which was ruled unconstitutional. While most people today wouldn’t agree with the ruling given in Dred Scott, it still shows the power of the judicialShow MoreRelateduna‚Äà ²ÃƒÅ Ãƒ ²ÃƒËœ1561 Words   |  7 PagesDictionary A good quality thesaurus (optional but strongly recommended) A folder/portfolio to keep all work throughout the semester Grading/Assignments â€Å"Pop† Reading Quizzes or Group Work 10% Citation Assignment 5% Essay 1 10% Essay 2 15% Essay 3 20% Research Assignment 15% Exam 25% Note: Use of internet, cell phones and other electronic devices is not permitted during in-class writing or exams. 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Drug Utilization Study Of Antidepressants Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(26) " were males and 87 \( 51\." There is a demand for prospective drug use surveies to adequately measure patient attention and installation indexs. Ordering wonts among head-shrinkers can be improved by making consciousness about taking drugs from the Essential Medicines List. Inclusion of a drug in the infirmary formulary requires consideration of both prescribers ‘ pick of a drug and its presence in the Essential Medicines List. We will write a custom essay sample on Drug Utilization Study Of Antidepressants Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Prescriber instruction can besides concentrate on decrease in prescription of attendant ataractic soporifics. Prescribers should besides be encouraged to look into for patients ‘ conformity with the prescribed medicines and to enter them in the instance sheets. Such steps will advance the rational usage of medical specialties and finally, the quality of health care. The World Health Organisation ( WHO ) defines Drug use as the selling, distribution, prescription and usage of drugs in a society, with particular accent on the ensuing medical, societal and economic consequences.1 Often, drugs are non used maintaining in head their safety and efficacy.2 Rational drug prescribing is the usage of the least figure of drugs to obtain the best possible consequence in the shortest period and at a sensible cost.3 Irrational prescribing and disparity between prescription and ingestion of medical specialties may countervail the benefits demonstrated by randomized controlled tests on drug efficacy.4-7 Furthermore, optimistic outlooks of a drug, based on consequences of clinical tests may non happen when used outdoors controlled settings.8 The recent proliferation of new drugs, increasing acknowledgment of delayed inauspicious effects and concentrate on pharmacoeconomic considerations has stimulated involvement in ordering forms of physicians.5 Antidepressant prescribing forms have changed globally over the last few old ages, with conventional drugs like tricyclics and MAO inhibitors being bit by bit replaced by selective 5-hydroxytryptamines reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIS ) and fresh antidepressants. Prevalence of antidepressant use in the community is lifting in Western populations, with Iceland, Australia and Sweden holding the highest consumption.9 Therefore, our purpose was to analyze the drug use of antidepressant drugs in the psychiatric unit of a third attention infirmary in Pondicherry. Our aims were: To detect the prescribing form of antidepressants among head-shrinkers in our infirmary To measure the reason of the prescriptions To measure the prevalence of antidepressant use in the community MATERIALS AND METHODS Type of survey: Retrospective and experimental. Time period of survey: 1st January 2006 to 31st December 2006 Topographic point of survey: Psychiatric unit of a third attention infirmary in Pondicherry. Inclusion standards: 1. All patients who attended the Psychiatry outpatient ( OP ) clinic of the infirmary from 1st January 2006 to 31st December 2006. 2. All patients diagnosed with depressive or adjustment upset ( diagnosed as per International Classification of Diseases – ICD 10 standards ) 10 or any status where antidepressants are indicated. Exclusion standards: Patients who did non have antidepressant drugs. Patients go oning merely those antidepressant drugs prescribed outside the infirmary. Data aggregation: Case records of Psychiatry outpatient clinic were taken from the medical records subdivision of the infirmary. Datas were entered in a pre-designed proforma ( Fig1 ) . From the multiple prescriptions in the instance record with follow-up visits, we took all prescriptions incorporating at least one antidepressant as one prescription. Therefore, if the initial prescription was continued, it was regarded as the same prescription for the given continuance. Any dose alteration in that prescription was noted for ciphering drug ingestion. Addition of another antidepressant to or alteration of antidepressant from the bing regimen was regarded as a separate prescription. In both instances, the figure of drugs in the prescription included the added or changed antidepressant ( s ) , along with attendant medicines from the earlier prescription. However, prescriptions incorporating drugs for co-morbid conditions ( non-psychiatric ) which were non prescribed in the section of Psychiatry were excluded. Sampling frame: All patients run intoing eligibility standards as given above. Datas analysis: Datas were subjected to analysis for: Demographic inside informations ( Age and gender ) Psychiatric diagnosing Antidepressant drugs prescribed 4. Completeness of prescription, rightness of drug, dosage, frequence and continuance. 5. Rationality of prescription harmonizing to WHO ordering indexs. 6. Defined daily dose ( DDD ) of the antidepressants per 1000 dwellers per twenty-four hours ( DID ) 7. Prescribed day-to-day dosage ( PDD ) of the antidepressants 8. PDD to DDD ratio of the antidepressants Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical ( ATC ) categorization and Defined Daily Dose ( DDD ) per 1000 dwellers per twenty-four hours ( DID ) computations were used for gauging antidepressant usage in the community. Following the methodological analysis outlined by WHO,11 we calculated DID as follows: DID =Amount of antidepressant prescribed in 1 twelvemonth ( milligram ) Ten 1000 dwellers DDD ( milligram ) X 365 yearss X Population of Pondicherry and Cuddalore All patients belonged to either Pondicherry or Cuddalore territory of Tamil Nadu. So, for computation of DID, we used the population of Pondicherry every bit good as Cuddalore territory as per available statistics. Entire figure of DIDs is calculated by adding up the DIDs for single antidepressants. PDD was calculated as follows: For each prescription, there were multiple doses of the antidepressants, due to dose titrations and we took the norm of the day-to-day doses for the antidepressant as the PDD. This procedure was repeated for all the indicants of each antidepressant and the concluding value was the norm of the PDDs therefore obtained. PDD to DDD ratio was so calculated. Statistical analysis: Descriptive statistical tools were used. Ethical clearance: As it was a non-interventional survey, the institutional research commission granted waiver on the confidence that capable confidentiality would be maintained. We took the undermentioned stairss in this respect: Designation of patients by the infirmary figure merely and non by name. Case records to be accessed by research workers in the Medical records subdivision merely. Patient inside informations non to be divulged to any party other than co-authors. Proformas to be destroyed after decision of survey. Consequence Demographic inside informations: Out of 222 patients having psychoactive medical specialties during the survey period, 169 ( 76.58 % ) received one or more antidepressants. Among these 169 patients, 82 ( 48.52 % ) were males and 87 ( 51. You read "Drug Utilization Study Of Antidepressants Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples"48 % ) were females. Age distribution of patients having antidepressants is shown in Fig 2. Psychiatric diagnosings: Distribution of primary psychiatric diagnosings of patients having antidepressants is shown in Table 1. Antidepressant drugs prescribed: Entire figure of prescriptions given was 192 and a sum of 446 drugs were prescribed. Of them, 192 were antidepressant medicines of 8 types, as per ATC category. Table 2 and Fig 3 show different antidepressants prescribed. Number of antidepressant prescriptions along with their indicants is shown in Table 3. Substitutions and Adjunctive antidepressants: Change of antidepressant was required on 18 occasions. Duloxetine was substituted on 10 occasions, escitalopram on 4, mirtazapine on 3 and imipramine on 1 juncture. Addition of a 2nd antidepressant was seen on 3 occasions because of hapless response with a individual drug. Of them, duloxetine was the first antidepressant on 2 occasions and mirtazapine on 1. Attendant medicines prescribed in the section of Psychiatry: Table 4 shows attendant medicines prescribed in the section of Psychiatry. Completeness of prescription, rightness of drug, dosage, frequence and continuance: Besides patient inside informations and outpatient designation figure, prescriptions contained the patient ‘s primary diagnosing, drug ( s ) prescribed, dose signifier, dosage, frequence of disposal and continuance of intervention along with the day of the months of followup. There was no incorrect dosage, frequence and continuance of intervention ; in some instances, inappropriate drug was prescribed for a incorrect diagnosing which was corrected when primary diagnosing was revised on follow up. Table 5 shows the figure of drugs per prescription among the 192 prescriptions. More than 5 drugs were non prescribed to any patient. Rationality of prescription harmonizing to WHO ordering indexs: As per WHO Prescribing indexs, we observed: Average figure of drugs per prescription: 2.32 ( 446/192 ) Percentage of antidepressant drugs prescribed by generic name: 88.54 % ( 170/192 X 100 ) Percentage of Fixed dose combinations ( FDCs ) of antidepressants: Nothing Percentage of brushs for ordering injections of antidepressants: Nothing Percentage of antidepressant drugs prescribed from Essential Medicines List ( 16th EML of WHO ) : 1.56 % ( 3/192 X 100 ) Percentage of drugs prescribed from the National List of Essential Medicines ( NLEM, endorsed 2002 ) was 2.60 % ( 5/192 X 100 ) . Percentage of drugs prescribed from the infirmary pharmacopeia was 96.35 % ( 185/192 X 100 ) . Defined daily dose ( DDD ) of the antidepressants per 1000 dwellers per twenty-four hours ( DID ) : ATC cryptography, DDD and computation of DID are summarized in Table 6. Entire figure of DIDs of antidepressants was 0.02. Prescribed day-to-day dosage ( PDD ) of the antidepressants and PDD to DDD ratio of the antidepressants: PDD and PDD to DDD ratios are besides summarized in Table 6. Discussion Demographic inside informations: Antidepressants were prescribed more in females ( 51.48 % ) than in males ( 48.52 % ) . This is consistent with findings in other studies.12,13 This female preponderance might reflect the higher prevalence rate of psychiatric morbidity in adult females, peculiarly, depressive and anxiousness upsets and may besides be due to gender functions played by adult females in society, with more voicing of psychological jobs and seeking of professional help.13 The age distribution shows the bulk of patients, having antidepressants belonging to 21-30 old ages age group ( 36.69 % ) . In fact, 66.27 % were aged between 21 and 40 old ages. This is in contrast to the consequences of a survey of antidepressant usage in East Asia, wherein the average age of patients having antidepressant prescriptions was more than 40 years.14 In another survey in Europe, where antidepressants were the 2nd most normally prescribed psychotropic drugs, bulk of the users were between 35 and 49 old ages, with a average age greater than 40 years.13 Psychiatric diagnosings: Depressive upset was the most common psychiatric diagnosing among the population ( n=222 ) , with a prevalence of 47.75 % . It was besides the most common indicant for utilizing antidepressants ( 62.72 % ) , followed by Mixed Anxiety and Depressive upset and Schizophrenia with station schizophrenic depression among the top three diagnosings. Antidepressant drugs prescribed: Antidepressants were the most common psychotropic drugs prescribed ( 76.58 % ) . Choice of antidepressant was based on ICD diagnosing, badness of disease/disorder, co-morbidity, drug efficaciousness and considerations for patients ‘ tolerability. Most common antidepressant prescribed was the Selective Noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitor ( SNRI ) duloxetine ( 50 % ) . The newer antidepressants – duloxetine, escitalopram, Zoloft and mirtazapine accounted for the majority of prescriptions. ( 96.36 % ) , which follows the planetary tendency towards antidepressant prescribing.14-18 In many surveies, Selective 5-hydroxytryptamine re-uptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) accounted for the majority of the prescribed antidepressants, with high ordering rates.14-17 In our survey, SSRIs – escitalopram, Zoloft and Prozac were prescribed on 57 out of 192 occasions ( 29.69 % ) . Among the SSRIs, escitalopram was the preferable drug. Again, this is in contra st to findings in the East Asian survey on antidepressant usage, wherein Prozac and Zoloft were prescribed more often than escitalopram and its usage was lower than Desyrel, mirtazapine, impramine hydrochloride and amitryptiline. However, ordering rates of tricyclic antidepressants impramine hydrochloride and amitryptiline were lower than the prevalent norms.14 Doses of antidepressants were prescribed harmonizing to badness of disease/disorder, get downing with low doses and titrated upward or downward harmonizing to clinical response and patients were kept on regular followup. Duloxetine was the most common antidepressant prescribed in Depressive upset ( 56.56 % ) , Mixed Anxiety and Depressive Disorder ( 41.38 % ) and in BPAD ( 62.50 % ) . Most common antidepressant prescribed in Schizophrenia with post-schizophrenic depression was escitalopram ( 44.44 % ) , and in OCD, Zoloft ( 80 % ) . Substitutions and Adjunctive antidepressants: Prescription of a individual antidepressant was common and occurred in 98.44 % of instances. Reasons for altering an antidepressant were hapless curative response or unbearable inauspicious effects. Duloxetine was the most normally substituted antidepressant. It was besides the most common antidepressant to which adjunctive antidepressant drug was prescribed. Attendant medicines prescribed in the section of Psychiatry: Ataractic soporifics were the most common group of drugs prescribed ( 65.10 % ) concomitantly with antidepressants, followed by major tranquilizers, temper stabilizers, trihexiphenidyl, acamprosate, propranolol and vitamin B1. Except for Vitamin B1, which was prescribed in Alcohol Dependence, and propranolol, which was prescribed for intervention of shudders, all others were psychoactive medicines. Trihexiphenidyl was prescribed to counter the extrapyramidal inauspicious effects of attendant major tranquilizers. Completeness of prescription, rightness of drug, dosage, frequence and continuance: Rational prescribing was followed as per the rules of prescription order writing.19 Sing the definitions of polypharmacy which are most normally cited, there was no polypharmacy because there was no prescribing of antidepressant medicine which did non fit diagnosing and there was no prescription with more than 5 drugs.20 68.23 % of the prescriptions ( 131 out of 192 ) had 2 drugs or less, which is recommended. However, there were instances where wrong diagnosing led to ordering of inappropriate drug ab initio ; it was rectified when primary diagnosing was revised on follow up. Clinicians ‘ pick of drug was non based chiefly on affordability for the patient, so the cheapest drug was non ever prescribed. Rationality of prescription harmonizing to WHO ordering indexs: The mean figure of drugs per prescription was more than 2, which is high. But, we had excluded all prescriptions where antidepressants were non prescribed. So, prescriptions where merely guidance was provided were non considered, in which instance the figure of prescriptions with less than 2 drugs would hold risen, thereby conveying down the mean figure of drugs per brush. Ordering by generic names was high ( 88.54 % ) and close to 100 % . There were no fixed dosage combinations ( FDCs ) or injectible readyings prescribed, which indicate rational prescribing patterns. The per centum of drugs prescribed from the 16th WHO Essential Medicines List and the National Essential Medicines List ( endorsed 2002 ) was low. However, per centum of drugs prescribed from the infirmary pharmacopeia was really high ( 96.35 % ) . This indicates the demand to convey about a balance between clinicians ‘ petitions for maintaining a dru g in the infirmary pharmacopeia and the recommendations of WHO and National Essential Medicines Lists. ATC Classification, Defined daily dose ( DDD ) and DDD of the antidepressants per 1000 dwellers per twenty-four hours ( DID ) : The anatomical curative chemical ( ATC ) categorization system divides drugs into different groups harmonizing to the organ or system on which they act and their chemical, pharmacological and curative properties.21,22 Each drug is assigned a peculiar combination of letters and Numberss. The defined day-to-day dosage ( DDD ) is the false mean care dose per twenty-four hours for a drug used for its chief indicant in adults.21 DDD was developed to get the better of expostulations against traditional units of measuring of drug ingestion and to guarantee comparison between drug use surveies carried out at different locations and different clip periods. Entire DID of the antidepressants show low ingestion, in crisp contrast to the tendency of Western European states and the USA, particularly during the last decennary, with high rates of antidepressant prescribing and consumption.9,22,23 DID for duloxetine can be interpreted as 0.0025 out of 1000 patients or 0.025 % would hold used a dosage of 60mg. Similarly, DIDs of escitalopram, mirtazapine, Zoloft, impramine hydrochloride, Desyrel, amitryptiline and Prozac can be interpreted as ingestion of their several DDDs by a population of 0.019 % , 0.004 % , 1.007 % , 0.003 % , 0.019 % , 0.12 % and 0.00007 % . Prescribed day-to-day dosage ( PDD ) of the antidepressants: The prescribed day-to-day dosage ( PDD ) is defined as the norm dosage prescribed harmonizing to a representative sample of prescriptions. It is of import to associate the PDD to the diagnosing on which the dose is based. The PDD will give the mean day-to-day sum of a drug that is really prescribed. PDD is particularly of import for drugs where the recommended dose differs from one indicant to another ( e.g. psychotropic drugs ) . When there is a significant disagreement between the PDD and the DDD, it is of import to take this into consideration when evaluating and construing drug use figures, peculiarly in footings of morbidity.24 PDD to DDD ratio of the antidepressants: Ratio of PDD to DDD is frequently used as an indicant of the adequateness of dosing. A ratio less than 1 as seen in instance of duloxetine and mirtazapine indicates under-dosing. A ratio greater than 1 was seen for Zoloft and amitryptiline. All other antidepressants showed a PDD to DDD ratio equal to 1, reflecting the adequateness of dosing in these cases.25 Restrictions of the survey: Our consequences should, nevertheless, be seen in the visible radiation of the little sample size, compared to the surveies with which they have been compared. Restrictions of the survey were the deficiency of patient attention indexs and some of the installation indexs like handiness of drugs and impact of cost on drug intervention, which increase the public-service corporation of the survey, but which can be derived prospectively merely. As with any drug use survey, existent usage or conformity with prescribed antidepressant was non possible to supervise, more so with a retrospective survey of instance records, where notes on conformity are missing. Furthermore, we could non quantify informations on comparative clinical effectivity of the antidepressants. Strengths of the survey: Strengths of the survey are the usage of a structured proforma for informations aggregation with inside informations of drug prescriptions on follow up visits, and a comprehensive application of drug use tools like ATC/DDD categorization and computation of DID and PDD/DDD ratios to measure prevalence of antidepressant usage in the community of the survey population. Documentation of longitudinal follow-up informations gives a better thought of drug ingestion than transverse sectional informations. Data on drug permutations and augmentations every bit good as attendant psychotropic medicines are besides provided. Decision: Our survey shows that depressive upset was the most common psychiatric diagnosing in the population and antidepressants were the most normally prescribed psychotropic medical specialties. There was a higher prevalence of antidepressant prescribing for adult females. Majority of antidepressants were prescribed to immature and older grownups between 21and 40 old ages. The SNRI Duloxetine, the SSRIs escitalopram and Zoloft and the untypical antidepressant mirtazapine were the most normally prescribed antidepressants, with or without other attendant psychotropic medical specialties. Most patients were treated by a individual antidepressant. However, hapless response and/or tolerability considerations made the prescribers change the antidepressant or add a 2nd antidepressant. Antidepressants were prescribed for many indicants other than depressive upset and head-shrinkers ‘ pick of drug was influenced by diagnosing, badness of disease/disorder, co-morbidity, drug efficacio usness, and considerations for patients ‘ tolerability, but non chiefly on the cost of medicine. Prescriptions were complete and polypharmacy was non seen. Favorable and unfavorable results were seen for 3 and 2 WHO ordering indexs severally. Consumption of antidepressants in the community was low. Adequate dosing was seen for all antidepressants, except for duloxetine and mirtazapine, for which under-dosing was prevailing. Recommendations: There is a demand for prospective drug use surveies to get the better of some of the restrictions of our survey. Ordering wonts among head-shrinkers can be improved farther by making consciousness about taking drugs from the Essential Medicines List and cut down prescription of ataractic soporifics. Such steps can diminish the figure of drugs per prescription and besides the cost of therapy. Prescribers should besides be encouraged to look into for patients ‘ conformity with the prescribed medicines and to enter them in the instance sheets. Such steps will advance the rational usage of medical specialties and finally, the quality of health care. How to cite Drug Utilization Study Of Antidepressants Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Workers compensation free essay sample

Workers Compensation is essentially a form of insurance that provides wage replacement and medical coverage to employees that are injured while working. This compensation, however, is not freely given to the employees. It is instead exchanged for the employee’s right to sue his or her employer for the tort of negligence. Depending on jurisdiction, Workers Compensation can function as various types of insurance. Wages that is lost while recovering from an injury can be paid to the employee as if they were capable of working, thus functioning as a form of disability insurance. Workers Compensation can also effectively function as health insurance as well as life insurance by paying for the injured employee’s medical expenses and paying benefits to the dependents of employees killed while working, respectively. While Workers Compensation and those that work in that specialized field can be a wonderful financial asset to injured employees and their families, such benefits and professionals that work in this field were born out of necessity due to the negligence of employers towards their employees. We will write a custom essay sample on Workers compensation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While it is debatable when exactly the first Workers Compensation laws were passed, Maryland was the first state to pass a statewide Workers Compensation law in 1902 with the establishment of the Employer and Employee Cooperative Fund (Maryland state workers, 2013). A few years later in 1906, the first federal workers compensation law was passed; the Federal Employers’ Liability Act (FELA) (What is the, 2013). FELA is designed to compensate railroad workers that have been injured while working, but it does not operate the same as current workers compensation laws. Under FELA, the injured railroad worker must prove that injuries sustained while working are the fault of the railroad company; being unable to prove the railroad company’s fault in the incident results in no benefits being paid to the injured party. By 1949, all of the states in the United States had some kind of Workers Compensation laws enacted to protect employees and provide for them as well as their fami lies in a time of need (Workers compensation, 2010). For an employee to receive Workers Compensation, however, certain standards are to be met and it is up to the professionals working in the Workers Compensation field to know the laws of their jurisdiction. To be sure that these professionals know exactly what they are doing and execute their job to their best extent, special education and training is required to be completed. Training and education of Workers Compensation employees depends on the jurisdiction in which they operate in, but there are several factors and major duties that are central to every Workers Compensation employee. Workers Compensation employees mainly have to deal with the legislation of the jurisdiction in which they work, so they must know the laws of the state, this is a central factor that is common to all professionals in this field. Education and training will ensure that professionals know the purpose of Workers Compensation laws, methods of securing Workers Compensation, circumstances of injuries, perks and disadvantages of workers compensation for both the employee and employer, interaction of other workers compensation acts, how to respond to an on-the-job accident, and how to reduce on-the-job accidents. The purpose of workers compensation laws is to provide financial coverage of any medical expenses, income protection of those absent from work due to medical reasons, and compensation for permanent injury such as loss of life or limb. Methods to secure workers compensation are: through an approved private insurance carrier, state-funded insurance, and self-insurance which is usually only provided by larger companies that can guarantee coverage regardless of the event of bankruptcy.(â€Å"Workers’ compensation training,† 2008) The circumstances of an injury include, â€Å"arising out of employment,† and â€Å"in the course of employment.† â€Å"Arising out of employment† refers to the cause and origin of the sustained injury and â€Å"in the course of employment† refers to the time, place, and circumstances of the injury. A vast majority of workers compensation laws state that in order for an injury to be compensable, it must arise out of and in the course of employment. This essentially means that in order for an injury to be compensable, the injured party must have been working at their designated position during payable hours. There are various benefits of workers compensation for an employer as well as the employee. Benefits for the employer include injured employees not being able to sue for the tort of negligence and benefits payable to the injured employee is limited. Benefits to the injured employee include full medical coverage and punctual payment of medical expenses, payments are based on the injured party’s current earnings disregarding gross income, and in the event of death payments are made to the deceased’s dependents.(â€Å"Workers’ compensation training,† 2008) Unfortunately there are also various disadvantages of workers compensation for both the employer and the employee. Disadvantages for the employer include high premiums simply because of the type of work done by the employer and the premiums are based upon the employer’s accident record, an increase in paperwork due to the filing of claims and state regulations, and time spent dealing with the potential event of a fraudulent claim. Disadvantages for employees include not being able to pursue further damages through a tort action and some state’s workers compensation benefits are trumped by Social Security disability benefits.(â€Å"Workers’ compensation training,† 2008) In some cases it is necessary for other Workers Compensation acts to become involved in a claim. The involvement of such acts depends upon the severity of the injury sustained and the size of the employer. Established acts that may necessarily be considered alongside workers compensation are the Americans with Disability Act (ADA) and the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA).(â€Å"Workers’ compensation training,† 2008) In order for a workers compensation professional to determine if the ADA or the FMLA will be a factor alongside regular workers compensation, several factors based on jurisdiction must be considered. These factors include the threshold number of employees for that particular employer, employee eligibility, severity of injury or illness, and the length of absence in which the injured party will be unavailable to work.(â€Å"Workers’ compensation training,† 2008) If either the ADA, FMLA, or both become involved with a workers compensation claim, a workers compensation professional must remain conscious of several requirements. These requirements include accurate medical documentation of the injury, continuation of benefits for the injured party during leave of absence, appropriate medical clearances for the injured party to return to work, potential of â€Å"light duty† for the injured party once returning to work, and all standards to be met for full working reinstatement of the injured party.(â€Å"Workers’ compensation training,† 2008) Unfortunately injuries, severe or not, do occur in most workps laces. A workers compensation professional must be trained to be capable of handling all types of these situations. The training and education of workers compensation professionals will enable them to administer first-aid to the injured party or direct them to medical treatment, gather any and all information about the injured party from the injured and other witnesses, notify the injured party of their workers compensation coverage, accurately document the incident and notify the injured party’s family/dependents, take any further necessary steps to ensure that a similar incident will not happen in the future, and file a workers compensation claim as soon as possible.(â€Å"Workers’ compensation training,† 2008) With workplace incidents unfortunately being all too common, there are steps that can be taken to avoid said incidents. Some tactics that can be used to reduce workplace incidents include educating the workforce in safety measures that can be taken to avoid injury, establish a committee that is devoted to educating the workforce about safety, and hold managers responsible for preventing workplace accidents.(â€Å"Workers’ compensation training,† 2008) Not everyone can work in the workers compensation field, a certification is required. Certification is gained through various means based on jurisdiction and employer. A government employer may require special certification but most workers compensation professionals can gain a certification through universities/schools. There are also many workers compensation professional organizations that can be joined. Such organizations include the American Association of State Compensation Insurance Funds, National Council of Self-Insurers, Workers Compensation Claims Association, Workers Compensation Insurance Association, Workers Compensation Research Institute, as well as many others. Joining one of these professional organizations can allow workers compensation professionals access to various resources and receive support during workers compensation claims (Workers compensation associations, 2008). The demand for workers compensation professionals is moderate to high depending on region and the field desired to work in. A high-risk employer will have a higher demand for well-trained and educated workers compensation professionals than a low-risk employer. The average salary of a workers compensation manager is between $48,000 and $69,000 while the average salary of a workers compensation administrator is between $72,000 and $94,000 (Workers compensation administrator, 2013), (Workers compensation manager, 2013). The average salary for both listed positions is higher than that of the national average in part because of the historical successes of the field. One of the first court cases to help establish workers compensation was that of New York Central Railway Co. v. White. In this case, the injured party tried to claim workers compensation but the Railway Company felt that its 14th amendment rights to due process were being violated because of the inconsideration of fraud on behalf of the injured. The court ultimately sided with the claimant and many states soon followed suit. A more recent success was a case involving Pennsylvania State University v. Workers Compensation Appeal Board. In this case, a professor for the University met at a restaurant with a student to discuss the student’s dissertation. While at the restaurant, the professor fell and reinjured his recovering broken arm. The injuries sustained at the restaurant resulted in a fatal infection and the court sided with the claimant, rewarding the professor’s widow with workers compensation benefits. Workers Compensation is good and necessary. This establishment prevents employers from abusing employees and their rights while providing financial coverage from work-related injuries. It also helps employers to avoid unnecessary litigation from torts being filed by employees. Workers Compensation provides a great middle ground for both employers and employees to meet upon and come to an often swift and satisfactory decision that is in the best interest of all parties involved.

Human Origins The Origins of Bipedalism Essays

Human Origins The Origins of Bipedalism Essays Human Origins The Origins of Bipedalism Paper Human Origins The Origins of Bipedalism Paper Essay Topic: Sociology Upright walking is far more complicated than many people think. It requires a number of highly specialized adaptations that have taken millions of years to evolve. It is part of what defines the human race, because there is no other organism on the planet that shares this group of skills. An understanding of the origins of bipedalism is therefore the key to answering many questions about human nature. To understand the evolution of bipedal locomotion, one must first look to our non-upright past. Although we know very little about the common ancestor of apes and hominids, we can still gain some idea about how it might have moved. Similarities in the bone structure of ape and human wrists, arms and shoulders lead some scientists to believe that our common ancestor was most likely a knuckle walker.i From this conclusion, we can examine the morphological distinctions between the two forms of locomotion by comparing humans and knuckle walking apes. One major morphological difference between apes and humans is the bicondylar angle of the femur. The human femur is angled inward about 10Â °. In gorillas, the angle is only about 1Â °. This greater bicondylar angle is specially adapted for bipedalism. It allows humans to keep their center of gravity more directly over the legs while walking. The lack of this angle in gorillas is due to the fact that their weight can shift to their arms and back to their legs while walking.ii The morphology of the foot has also changed to accommodate bipedal walking. The foot of an ape has a large gap between the last toe and the other four and is relatively flat on the bottom. Humans have gained a reinforced heel and an arch to absorb shock. The toes have become aligned to point forward, allowing for a smoother ending to the propulsive phase of the stride.iii Other adaptations for bipedalism pertain to the location and function of muscles. The gluteus maximus in apes is located at the side of the hip, in order to pull the thigh outward. In humans, it is at the back of the illium, pulling the thigh back during the propulsive phase while walking and running.iv Skeletal changes that have occurred due to bipedalism include the flaring out of the illium, the s-shaped curvature of the vertebral column, and the repositioning of the foramen magnum. The iliac blades are shorter and wider, forming a basin that cups and protects the organs. Additionally, they can better support the direct pressure of upright posture. The s-shaped spine centers the weight of the upper body over the pelvis. This is in place of a quadrupeds straighter spine. The foramen magnum is repositioned from the back of the skull to the base of the skull. This change allows humans to look forward while upright.v All of these changes occurred over the course of many millions of years. We understand how they occurred, but there are many different theories that attempt to explain why. Some of the most compelling come from Peter Wheeler, C. Owen Lovejoy, and Kevin Hunt. Wheelers thermoregulatory theory proposes that bipedalism originated because an upright stance allows the body to cool more effectively than that of a quadruped. The theory is based on the idea that at noon, in an open area such as the seashore or the savannah grasslands of Africa, an upright individual would be exposed to more wind and less sun than a quadruped. The wind would facilitate cooling through sweat evaporation, allowing the individual to be much more efficient. This would allow upright individuals to exploit the midday niche while facing little competition from quadrupeds, who are more susceptible to overheating.vi Lovejoys behavioral model for bipedalism centers on the theme of a family. Instead of both parents taking care of their offspring and getting food for the family, bipedalism would allow one parent to travel long distances while carrying food. The other parent would be left to take care of the offspring, increasing the chance of survival. The larger area that can be exploited by a bipedal individual allows for more available food for that individuals family. This also increases the survival rate of their offspring, essentially selecting for bipedalism.vii Lovejoy backs his theory up by connecting it to human sexual behavior. He claims that the monogamous mating structure of this model accounts for the elimination of any sort of mating season in humans. Mating seasons exist so that mating can coincide with a time when energy and resources are not needed for offspring. Since bipedalism allows families access to more resources, copulation can occur at any time.viii Hunts postural feeding hypothesis suggests that bipedalism originated in quadruped feeding activities. Essentially, the terrestrial quadrupeds that could stand up were able to get the most food. His hypothesis is backed up by studies of chimpanzee behavior. According to Hunt, Eighty per cent of chimpanzee bipedalism was during feeding.ix Hunt claims that retained morphological aspects of arm hanging helped the early quadrupeds reach for food. He explains evidence that these traits, including long arms and fingers, were present in australopithecines.x Although these theories all seem to be solid and well based, they each contain at least one implausible aspect. Wheelers thermoregulatory theory does not apply to enough geographical situations. This limitedness only becomes worse when the areas he proposes are considered rationally. For example, even the African savannah had tall vegetation. Bipedal hominids that walked by some dense shrubs or even tall grass would be blocked from the wind. Additionally, the bipedal advantage only lasts for a few hours in the middle of the day. The benefits do not last long enough to really affect the efficiency of an individual. It is therefore unlikely that the thermoregulatory theory was entirely responsible for bipedalism. Lovejoys theory is the most probable of the three. His claims make a lot of sense because of how he ties in other aspects of human development to bipedalism. The only problem that isnt addressed in his article is how women developed bipedalism. According to his theory, males went out to provision for the family while females stayed behind and took care of the babies. Hunts theory makes interesting points, but it conflicts with more sound evidence that early hominids and apes evolved from a knuckle-walking quadruped. It is also much more vague than the other theories. Many other theories exist that attempt to explain the shift from quadrupedal locomotion to bipedalism. Each offers compelling evidence to support its claims. Additionally, each is flawed in one way or another. Without new evidence, we may never know the true origin of our most unique characteristic.

Lesson Plan Step #8 Assessment and Follow-Up

Lesson Plan Step #8 Assessment and Follow-Up In this series about lesson plans, were breaking down the 8 steps you need to take to create an effective lesson plan for the elementary classroom. The final step in a successful lesson plan for  teachers is Learning Goals, which coming  after defining the following steps:   ObjectiveAnticipatory SetDirect InstructionGuided Practice  ClosureIndependent PracticeRequired Materials and Equipment An  8-step lesson plan is not complete without the final step of Assessment. This is where you assess the final outcome of the lesson and to what extent the learning objectives were achieved. This is also your chance to adjust the overall lesson plan to overcome any unexpected challenges that may have arisen, preparing you for the next time you teach this lesson. Its also important to make note of the most successful aspects of your lesson plan, to ensure that you continue to capitalize on strengths and continue to push forward in those areas.   How to Assess Learning Goals Learning goals can be assessed in a variety of ways, including through quizzes, tests, independently performed worksheets, cooperative learning activities, hands-on experiments, oral discussion, question-and-answer sessions, writing assignments, presentations, or other concrete means. However, its important to remember that you may have students who better display their mastery of a topic or skill through non-traditional assessment methods, so try to think about creative ways you can assist those students in demonstrating mastery. Most importantly, teachers need to ensure that the Assessment activity is directly and explicitly tied to the stated learning objectives  you developed in step one of the lesson plan. In the learning objective section, you specified what students would accomplish and how well they would have to be able to perform a task in order to consider the lesson satisfactorily accomplished. The goals also had to fit within your district or state educational standards for the grade level. Follow-Up: Using the Results of the Assessment Once the students have completed the given assessment activity, you must take some time to reflect on the results. If the learning objectives were not adequately achieved, you will need to revisit the lesson in a different manner, revising the approach to learning. Either you will need to teach the lesson again or youll need to clear up areas that confused several of the students. Whether or not most students showed understanding of the material, based on the assessment, you should note how well students learned different parts of the lesson. This will allow you to modify the lesson plan in the future, clarifying or spending more time on areas where the assessments showed the students were weakest. Student performance on one lesson tends to inform performance on future lessons, giving you insight into where you should take your students next. If the assessment showed the students fully grasped the topic, you may want to proceed immediately to more advanced lessons. If understanding was moderate, you may want to take it slower and reinforce the takeaways. This may require teaching the entire lesson again, or, just portions of the lesson. Assessing different aspects of the lesson in greater detail can guide this decision.   Examples of Types of Assessments Quiz: a short series of questions with right and wrong answers that may not count towards a grade.Test: a longer or more in-depth series of questions that probes for more understanding of the topic and may count towards a grade.Class discussion: rather than a quiz or test that is scored, a discussion helps identify understanding. Its important to make sure all students are able to demonstrate mastery here, so that no one is lost in the shuffle.  Hands-on experiment: Where the subject matter is appropriate, the students apply the lesson to an experiment and record the outcomes.Worksheet: Students fill out a worksheet, especially for math or vocabulary lessons, but it also could be developed for many topics.Cooperative Learning activities: Students work in a group to solve a problem or have a structured discussion.Illustrations or Graphic Organizers: These can include Venn diagrams, K-W-L (Know, Want to Know, Learned) charts, flow charts, pie charts, concept maps, character traits, c ause/effect diagrams, spider web, cloud chart,T-chart, Y-chart, semantic feature analysis,fact/opinion chart, star chart, cycle chart, and other appropriate graphic  organizers. Often the subject will determine which works best as an assessment tool. Edited by Stacy Jagodowski

Examining Insurance Policies Part 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Examining Insurance Policies Part 3 - Essay Example Premises medical coverage is intended on paying for minor injuries, which might happen in individual’s airport facility. The coverage helps in avoidance of litigation for minor claims (Diederiks-Verschoor and Butler 247). The coverage would help Mike’s students incase an injury occurs during the training. The limits of the medical coverage range from 1000 to 5000 US dollars individually. Products and completed operations policy offer liability protection for property damage and bodily injury which arises after selling the aviation products or services that the organization offers. The policy only covers when an accident occurs while delivering a product or service by another person (Diederiks-Verschoor and Butler 252). Hangar-keeper liability covers any damage to an aircraft if it is not fully owned or leased to you and while the aircraft is under your care, control and custody, mostly likely when servicing for maintenance, storing or fueling. The cover pays for all damages that a person is legally responsible. Off-Premise’s liability extends from Premises Coverage that includes other necessary or incidental locations to one’s operation. In-Flight Hangar-keepers is an extension of Hangar-keepers liability covering for damage to non-leased or non-owned aircrafts flown by any other pilot (Grothaus 20). Personal injury coverage pays for legal defense any owner of an aircraft sued for damages for injuries that arise from false arrest, imprisonment or detention, slander or libel, malicious prosecution, wrongful entry or invasion to an insured person (Grothaus 25). Fire legal liability covers for legally responsible damages to the buildings leased or rented on the insured airport premises caused by fire. Professional liability covers the protection for bodily injury that arises from an omission or error committed on giving of flight instruction, which may result to an accident at a

Encounter point Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Encounter point - Movie Review Example ed activities that occur behind the scenes, from regular citizens, to improve social and political relationships between Palestinian and Israeli peoples. There is no real effort to show that one side or the other is more dedicated toward peace or that one particular political side is more aggressive in continuing violence. The film, instead, attempts to simply show the frustrations and social anxieties that come from ongoing war and how they impact thoughts, emotions and the family structure; not to mention community relationships. There is one scene in the movie where there are members of both the Palestinian group and the Israeli culture that are working together in what is referred to as the Bereaved Families’ Forum which attempts to group these people together to discuss different misunderstandings and open positive dialogue between both political groups. It shows how similar both groups are in relation to their desires to achieve peace and avoid ongoing violence that continues to disrupt positive relationships. â€Å"Encounter Point† is a hopeful film that shows that many of the problems between these two groups come from simple misunderstandings and that there are members of both groups that are ready to pave the way toward peace. The film attempts to give a symmetrical view of the importance and needs of both political parties, therefore the interests of both are represented sufficiently throughout the film. One of the main advantages of this film is that is does not involve political parties and their own high-level interests, instead it shows the plight of this conflict from the viewpoint of those most affected by it: the regular community citizen. The filmmakers decided â€Å""politicians come and go but whats happening on the street is whats most important." (Freeman, 2010, p.1). This film recognises that showing political viewpoints would give this film an unbalanced view and would be more of a political documentary than a piece of sociology work that

Essay examples --

All-star football player, Lieutenant Commander, University of Michigan graduate, Yale graduate, adopted, and also the thirty-eighth president of the united states? These are all some ways that you could describe a man by the name of Leslie King Jr. You may be wondering who that is, but he is a president of these United States of America. Leslie King Jr. is the original name of Gerald Rudolph Ford. I am going to tell you all about his childhood, his high school experience, his college experience, his whole election process, his presidency, and his post-presidency experience. Gerald Ford was born July 14, 1913 in Omaha, Nebraska. His parents, Dorothy Ayer Gardner and his father Leslie Lynch King Sr. separated just sixteen days after Ford was born. His father was a wool trader and also was the son of a banker. They were officially divorced in December 1913, where Fords mother Dorothy was granted full custody. Soon after, Ford and his mother moved to Grand Rapids, Michigan to live with Fords grandparents. (Dorothy’s parents) Fords grandfather (Leslie Sr.’s father) paid child support until his death. In Ford’s biography, written by a member of his administration, Ford said that his biological father was known to get physical with his mother. He also stated that the main reason for their divorce was a few days after Ford’s birth his father threatened his mother with a butcher knife. In the biography it said that his father first hit his mother on their honeymoon, for smiling at another man. In 1916 Dorothy remarried a salesman by the name of Gerald Rudolph Ford. Gerald then went on to adopt Leslie, later renaming him Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. Ford grew up with three younger half-brothers from his mother’s second marriage. Thomas ... ... for the vice presidency. That one time in 1960 he almost became the vice president, but the Republican nominee Richard Nixon chose Massachusetts senator Henry Cabot Lodge instead of Ford. Ford continued to run for Congress and continually got reelected. The Fifth District constituents liked ford a lot. They always gave Ford at least sixty percent of their votes. Later in 1963 Ford was named Republican conference Chairman, and two years later was named House Minority Leader. Ford was not commonly known by very many Americans except those from Michigan and those who are part of Congress. This all changed when Ford and Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen talked together at some press conferences, criticizing the â€Å"Great Society Programs† of President Lyndon B. Johnson. These press conferences were known to many as â€Å" The Ev and Jerry Show† (Frank N. Magill, 791) Essay examples -- All-star football player, Lieutenant Commander, University of Michigan graduate, Yale graduate, adopted, and also the thirty-eighth president of the united states? These are all some ways that you could describe a man by the name of Leslie King Jr. You may be wondering who that is, but he is a president of these United States of America. Leslie King Jr. is the original name of Gerald Rudolph Ford. I am going to tell you all about his childhood, his high school experience, his college experience, his whole election process, his presidency, and his post-presidency experience. Gerald Ford was born July 14, 1913 in Omaha, Nebraska. His parents, Dorothy Ayer Gardner and his father Leslie Lynch King Sr. separated just sixteen days after Ford was born. His father was a wool trader and also was the son of a banker. They were officially divorced in December 1913, where Fords mother Dorothy was granted full custody. Soon after, Ford and his mother moved to Grand Rapids, Michigan to live with Fords grandparents. (Dorothy’s parents) Fords grandfather (Leslie Sr.’s father) paid child support until his death. In Ford’s biography, written by a member of his administration, Ford said that his biological father was known to get physical with his mother. He also stated that the main reason for their divorce was a few days after Ford’s birth his father threatened his mother with a butcher knife. In the biography it said that his father first hit his mother on their honeymoon, for smiling at another man. In 1916 Dorothy remarried a salesman by the name of Gerald Rudolph Ford. Gerald then went on to adopt Leslie, later renaming him Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. Ford grew up with three younger half-brothers from his mother’s second marriage. Thomas ... ... for the vice presidency. That one time in 1960 he almost became the vice president, but the Republican nominee Richard Nixon chose Massachusetts senator Henry Cabot Lodge instead of Ford. Ford continued to run for Congress and continually got reelected. The Fifth District constituents liked ford a lot. They always gave Ford at least sixty percent of their votes. Later in 1963 Ford was named Republican conference Chairman, and two years later was named House Minority Leader. Ford was not commonly known by very many Americans except those from Michigan and those who are part of Congress. This all changed when Ford and Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen talked together at some press conferences, criticizing the â€Å"Great Society Programs† of President Lyndon B. Johnson. These press conferences were known to many as â€Å" The Ev and Jerry Show† (Frank N. Magill, 791)

Response to Shakespeare Essay

The key character within the mechanicals is Bottom. In the Hoffman version he presents Bottom as a useless dreamer and even gives Bottom wife who actually says ‘he is a useless dreamer’. He is also portrayed as a bit of a town clown as he begins to perform in front of the town people a couple of kids pour red wine all over his white suit. The crowd that has gathered then begins to laugh and no one goes to comfort him or try and catch the kids that poured the wine, they just stand and laugh at him. In the noble version he is portrayed as a larger than life character that everyone appears to love. The actor that has been cast to play this part, who is larger than any other actor in the film, reinforces this larger than life character. The nest group of characters that Shakespeare throws upon the audience are the fairies, which I mentioned earlier. He takes the audience straight to the heart of the fairy world by showing the King and Queen of fairies, Oberon and Titania. They appear to be having a fight, or a lover tiff and this appears to have a direct affect on the mortal world as when they are arguing the weather is wet and stormy. Also because of this argument between the King and Queen the rest of the fairy world is seen to be in disorder. This is shown in the Hoffman version by their being a party and fairies getting drunk and causing general chaos within the fairy world. In Shakespearean times there were only a limited amount of props that Shakespeare could use during his play therefore he had to transport the audience to the fairy world using their imagination. Shakespeare only had a fraction of what is available to use today in his plays and therefore heavily relied on the audience power of imagination and his ability to create a place by using mere words. Shakespeare uses his words very effectively by emphasising the beauty and richness of the fairy world by using world like, orbs, gold coats and rubies. Another technique Shakespeare uses to try and place the audience inside the fairy world is alliteration. Alliteration helps outline the key words in the sentence and reinforces the beauty of the words that Shakespeare uses. An example of alliteration is in Act 2 Scene 1 when Puck says’ ‘And now they never meet in grove of green, By fountain clear or spangled starlight sheen. ‘ Alliteration is used at the end of both of these lines and imprints a picture of beauty into the audience’s mind. Each director confronts the problem of giving the audience the idea that they are changing realms relative to their respective budget. The Hoffman version uses rich props and obscure settings, such as big colourful trees, to resemble the fairy world. Where as in the Noble version where there is a much smaller budget the fairy realm is represented by different colours and lighting effects and a minimal amount of obscure props, such as big umbrellas that the fairies float in on. Through out the play the theme of dreaming becomes very important and is in fact so important it is in the title of the play. Six characters falling asleep and dreaming during the play, which also reinforce the idea of dreaming. When characters fall asleep and dream it causes confusion with the character that has been dreaming and sometimes the dream even stretches to characters around the sleeper. This is when reality and dreams become so closely entwined it becomes impossible for the characters, and the audience to some extent, to tell between the two. An example of this is Bottom, from the mechanicals, when he has a short relationship with Titania and an ass’s head on his shoulders. When he arises he doesn’t know whether his escapade with Titania was reality or just a dream. The fairies playing tricks with the lovers’ emotion’s and feelings as the put fairy dust in their eyes that reinforce this general feel of confusion. This is done while they sleep so when they wake up and are unsure of what they feel about the people closest to them. Examples of this are with Demetrius and Lysander, both of whom where fixated upon Hermia but when they feel asleep they arose madly in love with Helena and couldn’t care less about Hermia because of what the fairies had done while they were sleeping. Dreaming is also reinforced throughout this play as most of it is set in the dark at night time where dreaming traditionally takes place. Also when in the dark, objects are seen in different light and can be construed in the imagination to look like anything as their shadows mangle the shape of the actual object. In the Noble version the power of the subconscious mind is focused on much more than in the Hoffman version, as Noble uses weird sets and strange costumes throughout the play but especially in the woods where so much confusion and mystification occurs. Not only the actual things the viewers see on the screen are used to create this image of a very powerful subliminal world that this play is set in but also the way in which Noble lays out the play. Noble adds a boy to the play and makes it appear as if the play is the boy’s dream and therefore Noble is able to make the play run like a dream which gives him more freedom to make the play more surreal. This idea of the play being the boy’s dream comes from the opening seen when the audience is taken inside a house to the boy that is sleeping with a copy of ‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream’ under his arm. The boy is then suddenly awake exploring a house that is larger than and very unrealistic as doors are enlarged and the boy is made to be very small amongst these huge objects. The reason for the boy dreaming these sequences of events could be because he has read the play as a sort of bedtime story and literal events that could have happened around him or within his family. The boy could have jumbled up the two; reality and fiction, in his subconscious mind and when he fell asleep these idea could have come through. The Noble version could also be thought to take the play to the next level if you like thinking the play to be a more deeper philosophical type of play, rather than a light hearted romantic comedy which Shakespeare original wrote it to be. This philosophical reasoning could be construed as that there is no reality and we all live in one huge dream. In conclusion when comparing the two plays yet they consist of exactly the same characters that say exactly the same words they are quite different. The Noble version appears to be a much funnier play than the Hoffman play becomes of the way certain characters, especially the mechanicals, are presented to the audience. Along with the idea that the Noble version is funnier I believe because Noble has tried to make the play funnier he has also added more fantasy that the Hoffman version mainly because of the sets, back drops and costumes that Noble had decided to use. I think that the Noble version appeals to a younger audience than the Hoffman version does because of its funnier side than the Hoffman version but not a wide spread basis, the film will never be nominated for a BAFTA award or anything of that sort because of its low budget. Where as the Hoffman version has a much higher budget and will therefore appeal to filmgoers rather than people who like to watch Shakespeare on stage. Because of its glamour, lush background and expensive actors I feel that the Hoffman is more magical because Hoffman is able to use whatever set he pleases or go out on location and ‘doll’ up a place to his satisfaction, Noble I don’t think never had that luxury. I think it is more magical because the of setting that Hoffman presents with the film, for example when the audience is taken into the woods and the fairy land I think that the tree in which they are partying appears quite magical. I also feel that the Hoffman version is more romantic because the actors and actresses are always quite close to each and the opening scene illustrates this in the Hoffman version where Hermia, Lysnander and Helena are all pressed closed together. Overall I think that the Noble version is better because I like the way in which Noble has presented the mechanicals and feel that it is more light hearted than the Hoffman version. I also think that the Hoffman version has tried too hard to create the sets that Shakespeare writes about throughout the play and at times is a bit over the top with the backgrounds.

Feasibility study on contract management

Feasibility Study Sample Essay Introduction This is a feasibility study on the proposed Xanadu contract management system. This study aims to prove or disprove the financial prudence of creating and implementing the said system. The proposed contract management system will be responsible for handling outsourced system development contracts. This feasibility study was commissioned by Sr. Vice president of the Xanadu Bellevue Branch, Ann Casey, with authority from the corporate headquarters in George Town, Cayman. The investigation has been executed by the Alpha group whose members include John Tyrion, Grace Stark, Alex Snow, and Arya White. The new system is aimed at processing invoice data, as well as accrued expenses. It is also integrated with a vendor interface to facilitate interaction with the vendors. The key advantage of the new system is reduction or elimination of manual labor and paper work required for the monitoring of contractual payments, which are all prone to human error. This gives the Bank of Xanadu a competitive advantage. Systems Request Summary The bank of Xanadu has recently decided to outsource all its programming work to outside development firms. The proposed system will be responsible for controlling the payments to these development firms. The scope of the project is discussed below. The system should be capable of accepting, processing, and storing the inputting of contractual information as soon as it is received. This information will include invoicing data and accrued expenses. It should also have a vendor interface to provide information to the vendor’s queries. The system will be equipped with internet capability. This will enable the vendors to access it remotely. It will track the bill incurred on the contracts, compare the invoicing to the contract schedule, and record the work performed for the purposes of comparing it to the scope of the system being developed under the contract. It should store all this information on a database to enable the branches and to prepare monthly reports on the expenditure on programming contracts. The system will not be responsible for handling contracts outside those of programming nature. It will not have centralized databases as each of the banking centers are responsible for managing their own expenses. The system will also not be responsible for conducting feasibility studies before the contracts are signed, although the reports it generates can be used to plan for future contracts. The system will reduce the amount of workforce put aside to monitor contractual payments. This will reduce the wage expense for the entire Xanadu group. The employees will also appreciate the ease of recording invoices and producing reports. This will increase their motivation. The Bank of Xanadu will gain competitive advantage as a result of implementing this new system. This is because it will reduce the cost me accounting for contracts. It will also gain from the ease of obtaining information to use in strategic decision making. An example is a situation where the managers at the banking centers or at the headquarters would use the information from the generated reports to compare between bidding contractors. Background Founded in Bellevue, Washington, the Bank of Xanadu has risen from a small bank with three branches in Washington to a global banking group with 2000 branches located all over the continents. It started as a savings and loans bank and spread all over the United States before penetrating the world market using mergers and takeovers. The most recent takeover was in 2012. In the takeover, Xanadu Bank acquired Utopia National Bank. This progress has been made in duration of 30 years due to a culture of always placing the customer’s interests in front of the company’s. Its 100000 employee strive to conform to banking ethics when dealing with its over 10 million customers worldwide. Beginning 2010, the headquarters of the bank were relocated to George Town, Cayman. This was due to the absence of direct taxation in the islands. Small branches in the United States report to banking centers, which in turn report to the headquarters in the Caymans. The international banking centers have the independence to operate in their separate countries. They also, however, report to the headquarters on their operations. The banking centers have the freedom to create their own structure. The human resource includes accountants, contract personnel, loan supervisors, retail, and information system personnel. They are responsible for keeping their own accounts and tracking their expenses, except those involving the whole group, which are handled by the headquarters. The new system has been found necessary for integrating all departments, thus making it easier and efficient to track financial details. The new system is also aimed at reducing the number of unnecessary workers, thus maximizing the profits. Recommendation for Action The system will be developed using the Structured Systems Analysis and Design method (SSADM). Computed below are the Net Present Value and Return on investment of the proposed system. The feasibility study will look at the value of outsourcing the Contract management system. This will be compared to retaining the programming employees to develop an in-house system. Net Present Value (NPV) The net present value compares the future returns on a given investment to the cost that will be incurred investing in the project. In this case, the returns will be the savings made by reducing the salary and the benefits that would be due to the redeployed employees. The Net Present Value in this case is comparing the total savings adjusted to the 8% discount rate to the Development cost that would be involved in developing the system. This is a positive net present value of over $8.9 million. This means that it would be a good financial investment to replace the in-house programmers with outsourced labor to develop Xanadu systems. Return on Investment The ROI will calculate the percentage return on an investment. The formula for calculating ROI is (Return-Investment/Investment * 100). The ROI is 291.6% which is more than enough to justify outsourcing programming services to develop Xanadu’s system. The NPV also recommends the development of the system as is it positive. Assumptions The expenditure used to calculate the Net present value, and the Return on investment has not put into place the fees in training the workers of the new systems. The Feasibility study has assumed that there are no legal fees to be incurred in case of a contractual breach. The discounting figure used (8%) has been assumed to be constant throughout the period under consideration. In calculating the Costs and Benefits of the redeployed employees, the effects of inflation have not been factored. Issues for the user to consider Will the redeployed employees seed legal redress for perceived unlawful termination? Who are the persons who will be authorized to access the data recorded and stored on the new system? Will the company’s already existing hardware be able to handle the running of the new system? Are there better System development methodologies that will ensure the success of the contract management system? Will the outsource programmers understand and meet the ethical standards that are the culture of Xanadu Group?